- WQ Manual
- The WES Handbook on Water Quality
Echancement Techniques for Reservations and Tailwaters
- The WES Handbook on Water Quality
Echancement Techniques for Reservations and Tailwaters
- FORWARD
- Water Quality Enhancement Techniques for
Reservoirs and Tailwaters
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- CHAPTER 2: PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND
ASSESSMENT
- CHAPTER 4: ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
- CHAPTER 5: POST-PROJECT EVALUATION PROCESS
- CHAPTER 1. WATERSHED - RESERVOIR
PROCESSES: RELATION TO WATER QUALITY
- 1.1.1.3 Infiltration and Runoff
- SCS Curve Number Determination
- Table 1.1.1. General SCS Runoff Curve
Numbers for rural Lands Including Feed Lots
- Precipitation and Snowmelt
- Figure 1.1.2. Graphical Solution to the
SCS Curve Number Equation (after SCS, 1986)
- Precipitation and Snowmelt
- Functional Relationship of Loads and
Concentrations
- Figure 1.1.3. Water Budget for the Lumped
Parameter GWLF Stream Flow Model. (after Haith and Shoemaker, 1987)
- Evapotranspiration.
- Nutrient Budget for the Loading Function
- Cropland and Forest Dissolved Nutrient
Loading
- Dissolved Nutrient Concentrations
- EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
- Rainfall Erosivity
- Topographic Factor
- Sediment Delivery
- Figure 1.1.5 Sediment Delivery Ration as a
Function of Watershed Drainage Area. (after Roehl, 1962)
- Sediment-Attached Nutrient Loading
- Feedlot Pollutant Runoff
- Figure 1.1.6. Feedlot site plan. (After
Young et al. 1982)
- Discharge point:
- Table 1.1.4 Ratio of COD, P, and N
produced by various animals to that produced by a 1,000 pound slaughter
steer
- Figure 1.1.7. Percent manure pack vs.
animal unit density. (from Young et al., 1982)
- Table 1.1.5. Background Runoff
Concentrations of Total Phosphorus and Chemical Oxygen Demand For Rural Land
Uses
- Table 1.1.6. Background Runoff
Concentrations For Total Nitrogen From Rural Land Uses
- Determine percent manure pack:
- NONPOINT SOURCES
- Urban and Industrial Sites
- Table 1.1.7. Urban Event Mean
Concentrations for Several Pollutants and their Variability
- Table 1.1.8. Urban Runoff Curve Numbers
- Forestry
- Table 1.1.9 Characterization of the 20
Study Sites
- Table 1.1.10 Concentrations of Metals and
Other Analytes in First Flush Runoff Sample and Storm Rainfall
- Table 1.1.11 Concentrations (mg/l) of
Conventional Water Quality Parameter in First Flush Runoff Samples
- Construction
- NONPOINT SOURCE SIMULATION MODELS
- Estimating On-Site and Off-Site Impacts
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- PRACTICAL LIMNOLOGY
- WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF SYSTEMS?
- INTRODUCTION TO RESERVOIRS
- TERMINOLOGY
- Physical Processes - Light and Thermal
Energy
- Table 1.2.1. Some Characteristics of
Reservoirs Compared to Natural Lakes
- Physical Properties of Water
- Physical Properties of Water (Cont.)
- Figure 1.2.3 The relationship between
temperature and density for pure water. This is true for most lakes.
Exceptions exist where density is influenced by salinity or other chemical
concentrations.
- Thermal Energy and the Ecosystem
- Thermal Energy and the Ecosystem (Cont.)
- Figure 1.2.4. Diagram illustrating thermal
patterns typical of a stratified monomictic lake. The extinction of incident
light is also shown illustrating the relationship between absorbance of
light energy and the resulting temperatures in a lake.
- Figure 1.2.5. The extinction of light in
pure water. This extinction pattern may be altered where other light
absorbing substances are dissolved in the water
- Figure 1.2.6. Wavelength dependence of
extinction coefficient and the effect of penetration of light in water
- MIXES
- Stability and Heat Budgets
- Stability Equation
- RESERVOIR ZONATION
- Chemical Processes
- Figure 1.2.8 Consequence of construction
of Richard B. Russell Lake on phosphorus oading to J. Strom Thurmond Lake,
just downstream
- Important Chemical Elements
- Henry's Law of Solubility
- Henry's Law of Solubility (Cont.)
- Henry's Law of Solubility (Cont.)
- HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES
- HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES (Cont.)
- HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES (Cont.)
- BIOTA: MAJOR COMPONENTS IN LAKES
- BIOTA: MAJOR COMPONENTS IN LAKES (Cont.)
- BIOTA 2: FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
- RESERVOIRS
- PROJECT PURPOSES
- Figure 1.2.10. Distributions of natural
lakes and reservoirs (based on Walker 1981)
- Figure 1.2.11 Distribution of Corps of
Engineers projects by type
- RESERVOIR OPERATIONS
- RESERVOIR OPERATIONS (Cont.)
- Figure 1.2.13 Example of surface
withdrawal structure (USACE 1987)
- Figure 1.2.14 Dual wet well multilevel
withdrawal structure (USACE 1987)
- Figure 1.2.15 Schematic of a hydropower
facility (USACE 1987)
- HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS AND THE FACTORS
CONTROLLING ALGAL GROWTH
- Background
- Background (Cont.)
- Cyanobacteria: the Blue -Green Algae
- Other Important Differences Between
Cyanobacteria and True Algae
- Nuisance Growth and Harmful Algal Blooms -
Growth and Control
- 4 Nuisance Growth and Harmful Algal Blooms
- Growth and Control (cont.)
- Ecological Growth Control
- Factors Under Hydro-project Control
- Factors Under Hydro-project Control
(Cont.)
- Factors Under Hydro-project Control
(Cont.)
- Future Outlook for HABs
- Specific References
- General References
- Pfiesteria References
- General and Review References
- General and Review References (Cont.)
- General and Review References (Cont.)
- General and Review References (Cont.)
- REFERENCES
- OVERVIEW OF LIMNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN
TAILWATERS
- Figure 1.3.1 Three major types of flow
regulation at reservoirs: A) attenuation, B) storage, and C) manipulation.
(From Impounded Rivers, G. E. Petts, 1984, Copyright John Wiley & Sons
Limited. Reproduced with permission.
- Figure 1.3.2 Idealized reservoir tailwater
depicting morphometric features (e.g. riffles and pools), downstream users,
material transport/deposition scenarios, and flow related influences
- HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT
- HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT (Cont.)
- Figure 1.3.4 Physical model simulation of
currents downstream from a hydropower dam
- Figure 1.3.5 Idealized velocity
distributions in channels of different slopes
- HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT (Cont.)
- Figure 1.3.7 Tailwater hydrographs in
response to different retention times for a rapid and high flow event and an
event of lesser magnitude but longer duration. (From mpounded Rivers, G. E.
Petts, 1984, Copyright John Wiley & Sons Limited. Reproduced with
permission)
- Figure 1.3.8 Hydrographs from (A) a
hydropower operation (mean daily discharge), (B) a flood control project in
New York, and (C) a flood control project in Arizona.
- Figure 1.3.9 Hourly discharge from a
peaking, hydropower operation
- MORPHOLOGY
- THERMAL PATTERNS
- Figure 1.3.11 Temperature and dissolved
oxygen concentrations from the releases from Hartwell Dam (a peaking
hydropower project on the Georgia and South Carolina border) depicting A)
seasonal and annual cycles and B) daily cycles.
- Figure 1.3.12 Effects of selective
withdrawal from various depths upon flow patterns, density, and temperature
profiles, in homogeneous and stratified lakes
- Figure 1.3.13 Temperature and dissolved
oxygen concentrations in esponse to peaking hydropower generation in (figure
b provided for reference) the tailwater of West Point Lake, Georgia and
Alabama.
- Figure 1.3.14 Change in dissolved oxygen
concentrations in the release waters from West Point Dam as a function of
travel time (distance)
- CHEMICAL PROCESSES
- CHEMICAL PROCESSES (Cont.)
- Figure 1.3.16 Temporal patterns in total
iron and manganese concentrations in a reservoir tailwater (East Sidney
Lake, NY). (Hydrograph provided for reference.)
- Figure 1.3.17 Temporal patterns in
dissolved and particulate iron and manganese concentrations in a reservoirs
tailwater Lake Hartwell, GA/SC)
- Figure 1.3.18 Spatial trends in total and
dissolved iron and manganese concentrations in reservoir tailwaters during
high (H) and low (L) flow (Nimrod Lake, AR).
- Figure 1.3.20 Spatial trends in ammonia
and nitrate concentrations in reservoir tailwaters during high (H) and low
(L) flow (Nimrod Lake, AR).
- Figure 1.3.21 Variation of suspended
solids with time in the tailwater of Allatoona Lake, GA (note relatively low
and constant concentrations) and at the Cartersville water intake (note
increased variability more typical of riverine conditions (Krenkel 1965)
(From Kenkel and Novotny (1980), reprinted with permission of Academic Press
- BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES (Cont.)
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- CHAPTER 2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND
ASSESSMENT
- WATER QUALITY BIOCRITERIA AND INDICATORS
- WATER QUALITY BIOCRITERIA AND INDICATORS
(Cont.)
- PROBLEM SOURCES
- OVERVIEW OF CONTAMINANTS, SPILLS, ETC.
- MERCURY
- Figure 2.1.1 Summary of major processes
and mechanisms in the interactions between dissolved and solid species in
surface waters.
- Figure 2.1.2 Dissolution of ferric
oxyhydroxide layer and release of coprecipitated metals in an acid, reducing
environment
- CHEMICAL SPILLS
- DATA ANALYSIS
- SAMPLE DESIGN
- Figure 2.1.4 Hypothetical time scale for
selected physical, chemical and biological processes
- SAMPLE DESIGN (Cont.)
- WATER QUALITY MODELS
- Table 2.1.1 Selected Water Quality Models
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- ASSESSMENT OF WATERSHED PROCESSES
- Documenting a Cause-and-Effect
Relationship
- Elements of Monitoring Needed to Link Land
Management Modifications with Water Quality Changes
- Quantitative Monitoring of Land Management
- Matching of Land Treatment and Water
Quality Data on a Spatial (Drainage) Scale
- Summary
- REFERENCES
- ASSESSMENT OF RESERVOIR PROCESSES
- LAKE ASSESSMENT, THE FIRST STEP
- The Practical Reality
- The Methods of Assessment - Field
Collections
- SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS
- Temporal Dependence
- Data Management Considerations
- FIELD DATA - DATABASE
- Specialized Analyses
- Other Specialized Assessment Methods
- CASE STUDY - RICHARD B. RUSSELL LAKE
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- ASSESSMENT OF TAILWATER PROCESSES
- SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS
- Figure 2.4.1 Decision diagram for
implementing a monitoring program with remote monitors. Modified from Lemons
et al. (1998)
- ANALYTICAL TOOLS
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 3. NTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS
- DEFINING MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES
- Table 3.1.1 Clean Water and Watershed
Restoration Budget Initiative
- RISK ASSESSMENT
- DISCUSSION
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 4. ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
- WATERSHED TECHNIQUES
- TECHNOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS
- Best Management Practices
- Best Management Practices (Cont.)
- Infiltration Devices
- Detention Devices.
- Forestry
- Forestry (Cont.)
- Agriculture
- Conservation Tillage.
- Terraces
- Irrigation System Furrow Improvements
- Irrigation System Furrow Improvements
(cont.)
- Animal Waste Management Systems
- Nutrient Management Systems
- Nutrient Management Systems (Cont.)
- Nutrient Management Systems (Cont.)
- Grassed Waterways
- Filter Strips .
- Site Selection
- Installation
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- Table 4.2.1. Total Nitrogen and Total
Phosphorus Concentration in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent
- Table 4.2.3. Summary of Best Management
Practices
- Table 4.2.4. Computed Fractions of Clay,
Silt and Aggregates Entering a Grass Filter Strip from a Silt Loam Soil
- Table 4.2.6. Sample Calculations for the
Sediment Delivery Ratio
- Table 4.2.7 NRCS Conservation Practices,
Pollutants Potentially Controlled, and Sources of Pollutants (Cite)
- Table 4.2.7 (Continued)
- Table 4.2.7 (Continued)
- Table 4.2.7 (Concluded)
- IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: SELECTIVE
WITHDRAWAL
- Figure 4.3.1 Schematic of withdrawal zone
- Applications of Selective Withdrawal
- Summary
- HYPOLIMNETIC WITHDRAWAL
- Evaluation Methodology
- Review of Applications
- UNDERWATER SKIMMING WEIR OR SUBMERGED
CURTAINS
- Theory
- Applications
- Table 4.3.3 Summary of Temperature Control
Weirs and Curtains
- Theory
- Applications of Submerged Skimming Weirs
- Summary
- References
- References (Cont.)
- References (Cont.)
- IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES - OPERATIONAL
TECHNIQUES
- Design Criteria
- Implementation
- Summary
- INFLOW ROUTING
- Implementation
- Summary
- Design Criteria
- Figure 4.4.3 Example of improved dissolved
oxygen with supplemental releases
- Implementation
- CONCENTRATION OF FLOW THROUGH ONE GATE
- Evaluation Methodology
- Implementation
- Summary
- Design Criteria
- Figure 4.4.5 Release temperatures from a
selective withdrawal tower based upon a "best daily" operation and then a
"seasonal" operation
- Implementation
- Summary
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (C0nt.)
- REFERENCES (C0nt.)
- REFERENCES (C0nt.)
- IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES:
AERATORS/OXYGENATION
- Figure 4.5.1 Example hypolimnetic aeration
devices
- Figure 4.5.1 Example hypolimnetic aeration
devices
- DESIGN METHODOLOGY
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: MIXERS
- Figure 4.6.1 Destratification induced by
bubble column
- Applications of Pneumatic Destratification
- Table 4.6.1 Pneumatic Destratification
Installations
- Applications of Pneumatic Destratification
(Cont.)
- Summary
- Theory
- Figure 4.6.2 Schematic of localized mixing
application
- Applications of Localized Mixing
- Summary
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- IN-STRUCTURE TECHNIQUES: TURBINE VENTING,
AUTO-VENTING TURBINE TECHNOLOGY, AND FORCED AIR
- Design Methodology
- Applications
- Applications (Cont.)
- Summary
- Design Methodology
- Applications
- Summary
- FORCED AIR
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- Table 4.7.4. Aeration Experience in
Retrofitting Existing Turbines
- Table 4.7.4. Aeration Experience in
Retrofitting Existing Turbines (Cont.)
- TAILWATER TECHNIQUES
- Design Considerations
- Figure 4.8.1 Discharge below Douglas Dam
with Turbine Pulsing
- Applications
- Summary
- TAILWATER TECHNIQUES: AERATING WEIRS
- Theory
- Figure 4.8.2 Aerating Weir Types
- Design and Construction Considerations
- Summary
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- ALTERNATE MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
- BIOLOGICAL MANIPULATION
- Figure 4.9.1 The aquatic food chain,
indicating interactions between the components of the biomanipulation model
(after Shapiro et al. 1982)
- REFERENCES
- CHAPTER 5. POST-PROJECT EVALUATION
PROCESSES
- SHORT AND LONG TERM TRENDS
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