- Streambank Manual
- The Wes Stream Investigation and
Streambank Stabilization Handbook
- The Wes Stream Investigation and
Streambank Stabilization Handbook
- PREFACE
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
- LIST OF FIGURES
- LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
- LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
- LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
- LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
- LIST OF TABLES
- CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
- PURPOSE
- CHAPTER 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUVIAL
GEOMORPHOLOGY AND CHANNEL PROCESSES
- Figure 2.1 The Fluvial System
(after Schumm, 1977)
- The System is Dynamic
- Thresholds
- Scale
- Figuire 2.2. Landforms for a
Meandering River (Collinson, 1978 after allen, 1970)
- Table 2.1 Classification of Valley
Sediments
- RIVER MECHANICS
- Channel Pattern
- Figure 2.3 Typical Meandering
River
- Figure 2.5 Features Associated
With (a) Straight and (b) Meandering Rivers
- Figure 2.6 Typical Plan and Cross
Sectional View of Pools and Crossings
- Planform Geometry
- Figure 2.7 Typical Middle Bar
- Channel Slope
- RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS
- Figure 2.10 Lane's (1957)
Relationship Between Channel Patterns, Channel Gradient, and Mean Discharge
- RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS (C0nt.)
- CHANNEL CLASSIFICATION
- CHANNEL CLASSIFICATION (Cont.)
- Table 2.2. Classification of
Alluvial Channels ( after Schumm, 1977)
- Figure 2.12. Channel Classifiation
Based Pattern and Type of Sediment Load (after Schumm, 1981)
- Table 2.3. Summary of Delineative
Criteria for Broad-level Classification (Rosgen, 1994)
- CHANNEL STABILITY CONCEPTS
- Figure 2.13. Channel
Classification Combining Aspects of Schumm ( 1981) and Rosgen ( 1994 )
- THE STABLE CHANNEL
- SYSTEM INSTABILITY
- Causes of System Instability
- Figure 2.15 Consequences of System
Instability
- Figure 2.15 (cont.) Consequences
of System Instability
- Downstream Factors
- Figure 2.16 Channelized Stream and
Abandoned Old Channel
- Figure 2.18 Knickzone in a
Degrading Channel
- Upstream Factors
- Basin Wide Factors.
- Complexities and Multiple Factors
- LOCAL INSTABILITY
- Streambank Erosion and Failure
Processes
- Figure 2.19 Erosion Generated by
Parallel Flow
- Figure 2.21 Erosion Generated by
Piping
- Figure 2.23 Sheet Erosion with
Rilling and Gullying
- Figure 2.25 Erosion Generated by
Vessel Forces
- Impinging flow
- Wind waves
- Figure 2.26 Soil Fall
- Figure 2.28 Slab Failure
- Figure 2.30 Pop-out Failure
- Figure 2.32 Dry Granular Flow
- Figure 2.34 Cattle Trampling
- Soil/rock fall
- Dry granular flow
- CHAPTER 3: GEOMORPHIC ASSESSMENT
OF CHANNEL SYSTEMS
- DATA ASSEMBLY
- FIELD INVESTIGATION
- Field Equipment for Stream
Reconnaissance
- Measuring Tape with Survey Pins
and Flagging Tape
- Probe Rod
- 8mm Video Camera
- What to Look For in the Field
- Channel Geometry
- Figure 3.2 Terrace Formation in an
Incised Channel
- 'Handbook\!Prelim-Pages.PDF' by
cj295809 - Page 1 of 436
- CHANNEL STABILITY ASSESSMENT
- Figure 3.3 Specific Gage Plot for
Red River at Index, Arkansas
- Comparative Surveys and Mapping
- Figure 3.4 Comparative Thalweg
Profiles
- Empirical Methods for Stable
Channel Design
- Summary of Empirical Channel
Design Methods
- HEC-6
- CHAPTER 4. GENERAL APPROACH TO
BANK STABILIZATION
- CONSIDERATION OF AVAILABLE
ALTERNATIVES
- RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
- Reservoirs
- BED STABILIZATION
- RELOCATION OF ENDANGERED FACILITY
OR STREAM CHANNEL
- NON-STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS
- LEGAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS
- BROAD ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
- Opportunities and Hazards
- ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS
- CHAPTER 5. SELECTION OF
SITE-SPECIFIC STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES
- EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE
APPROACHES
- Required Project Lifespan
- Maintenance Requirements and
Capability
- Debris Loads
- Corrosion and Abrasion
- Other Hazards
- Other Hazards (Cont.)
- ADJUSTMENT TO BED SCOUR AND/OR
BANK SUBSIDENCE
- FORESHORE LIMITATIONS
- IMPACT ON FLOWLINES
- Low Flows
- IMPACT ON EROSION UPSTREAM AND
DOWNSTREAM
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Aquatic Wildlife Habitat
- Aquatic Wildlife Habitat (Cont.)
- Terrestrial Wildlife Habitat
- Cultural Resources
- Preserve or Improve Wildlife
Habitat
- Preserve or Improve Wildlife
Habitat (Cont.)
- Preserve or Improve Wildlife
Habitat (Cont.)
- Avoid Disturbance of Endangered
Fish and Wildlife
- Preserve Natural Aesthetics
- Preserve Cultural Resources
- COST OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES
- AVAILABLE RESOURCES
- Labor
- FEASIBILITY OF INCREMENTAL
CONSTRUCTION
- Horizontal Increments
- APPLICATION
- Table 5.1. General Matrik for
Selection of Erosion Protection Method
- Table 5.2. Example of Very Simple
Environmental Sub-matrix
- APPLICATION (Cont.)
- CHAPTER 6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
EROSION PROTECTION
- APPLIED GEOMORPHOLOGY
- Prediction of Channel Migration
- Figure 6.1 Classic Planforms for
Straight and Sinuous Channels
- Figure 6.2 Effects of Varying Bed
and Bank Materials on Planform Characteristics
- Minimum Length of Protection
- Figure 6.3. Upstream and
Downstream Limits of Bank Protection for a Sinuous and Straight Channel
- Other Considerations
- Special Considerations for Braided
Streams
- CHANNEL ALIGNMENT
- Possible Exceptions
- HYDRAULICS
- TRACTIVE FORCE AND PERMISSIBLE
VELOCITY
- VARIATIONS IN RIVER STAGE
- Figure 6.4 Top Elevation of
Protection
- Stage Duration
- Type of Protection and Slope of
the Bank
- WAVE, VESSEL, AND ICE FORCES
- TOE PROTECTION
- SPECIFIC GUIDANCE FOR VARIOUS
TECHNIQUES
- Dikes
- Retards
- Other Flow Deflectors
- SURFACE DRAINAGE
- MANUFACTURERS' RECOMMENDATIONS
- Figure 6.5 Construction of Berm or
Levee to Control Overbank Drainage
- SAFETY FACTOR
- SAFETY FACTOR (Cont.)
- CHAPTER 7. SURFACE ARMOR FOR
EROSION PROTECTION
- STONE ARMOR
- RIPRAP BLANKET
- Figure 7.1 Typical Cross Section
of a Trenchfill Revetment
- Advantages
- Design Considerations
- WINDROW
- Figure 7.3 Schematic Diagram of
Windrow Revetment
- Figure 7.4 Conventional Windrow
Placed on Top Bank
- Figure 7.6 Launched Windrow Rock
- Disadvantages
- LONGITUDINAL STONE TOE
- Typical Applications
- Figure 7.7 Typical Longitudinal
Peaked Stone Toe Protection
- Figure 7.8 Typical Longitudinal
Peaked Stone Toe Protection With Tiebacks
- OTHER SELF-ADJUSTING ARMOR
- Figure 7.9 Longitudinal Peaked
Stone Toe Protection In Combination With Willow Post Upper Bank Protection
- Fiogure 7.10. Longitudinal Stone
Fill Toe Protection Placed Adjacent to Bank With Tieback
- CONCRETE BLOCKS
- Typical Applications
- Typical Applications
- SOIL-CEMENT BLOCKS
- Figure 7.12 Typical Sack Revetment
- Advantages
- RUBBLE FROM DEMOLITION
- SLAG FROM STEEL FURNACES
- Design Considerations
- RIGID ARMOR
- ASPHALT
- GROUTED ARMOR
- Figure 7.13 Typical Soil Cement
Application
- CHEMICAL SOIL STABILIZATION
- FLEXIBLE MATTRESSES
- CONCRETE BLOCK MATTRESS
- FABRIC MATTRESS
- GABION MATTRESS
- Design Considerations
- GRID CONFINEMENT
- USED-TIRE MATTRESS
- WOODEN MATTRESS
- Design Considerations
- Design Considerations (Cont.)
- CHAPTER 8: INDIRECT TECHNIQUES FOR
EROSION PROTECTION
- DIKES AND RETARDS
- DIKES AND RETARDS (cont.)
- DIKES AND RETARDS (cont.)
- DIKES
- Typical Applications
- Design Considerations
- Design Considerations (Cont.)
- Design Considerations (Cont.)
- Design Considerations (Cont.)
- Design Considerations (Cont.)
- Design Considerations (Cont.)
- Design Considerations (Cont.)
- Design Considerations (Cont.)
- PERMEABLE DIKES
- Design Considerations
- IMPERMEABLE DIKES
- Figure 8.1 Typical Permeable Dikes
- Design Considerations
- Figure 8.2 Typical Impermeable
Dikes
- RETARDS
- Typical Application
- PERMEABLE RETARDS
- Figure 8.3 Typical Permeable
Retards
- IMPERMEABLE RETARDS
- IOWA VANES
- BENDWAY WEIRS
- Figure 8.4 Bendway Weirs on Small
Streams
- CHAPTER 9: VEGETATIVE METHODS FOR
EROSION PROTECTION
- ADVANTAGES
- TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
- TYPICAL APPLICATIONS (Cont.)
- CHAPTER 10: CONSTRUCTION OF
STABILIZATION WORKS
- COORDINATION OF DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
- SPECIFICATIONS AND BID ITEMS
- RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED BY RIVER
CONDITIONS
- PRECONSTRUCTION VERIFICATION OF
DESIGN
- SPECIFICATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTS
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
- SPECIALIZED CONSTRUCTION
PROCEDURES
- SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION
- SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION (cont.)
- SUBAQUEOUS PLACEMENT OF STONE OR
SIMILAR MATERIALS
- PROCEDURES FOR PROPRIETARY
PRODUCTS
- SITE PREPARATION AND RESTORATION
- CHAPTER 11: MONITORING AND
MAINTENANCE OF STABILIZATION WORKS
- MONITORING
- PRIMARY ELEMENTS
- Site Surveys
- Hydraulic Data
- Environmental Aspects
- PERSONNEL
- LEVELS OF MONITORING EFFORTS
- Level 5 Monitoring
- DETERMINATION OF METHOD OF REPAIR
- DETERMINATION OF METHOD OF REPAIR
(Cont.)
- OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
- CHAPTER 12: GRADE STABILIZATION
- DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SITING
GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES
- Figure 12.1 Spacing of Grade
Control Structure (adapted from Mussetter, 1982)
- GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
- EXISTING STRUCTURES
- LOCAL SITE CONDITIONS
- DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL RESPONSE
- EFFECTS ON TRIBUTARIES
- SIMPLE BED CONTROL STRUCTURES
- Figure 12.3 Channel Stabilization
with Rock Sills (adapted from Whitaker and Jaggi 1986 )
- Figures 12. 4b. Launching of
Riprap Grade Control Structure in Response to Bed Degradation and Local
Scour
- Figures 12. 5b. Launching of
Riprap Grade Control Structure in Response to Bed Degradation and Local
Scour
- Figures 12. 6b. Launching of
Riprap Grade Control Structure in Response to Bed Degradation and Local
Scour
- Figures 12. 7. Sloping Drop Grade
Control Structure with Pre-formed Riprap Lined Scour Hole (McLaughlin Water
Engineers, 1986)
- STRUCTURES WITH PRE-FORMED SCOUR
HOLES
- Figure 12.8 Bed Stabilizer Design
with Sheet Pile Cutoff (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1970)
- Figure 12.9 ARS-Type Grade Control
Structure with Pre-formed Riprap Lined Stilling Basin and Baffle Plate
(adapted from Little and Murphey, 1982)
- Figure 12.10 Schematic of Modified
ARS-Type Grade Control Structure (Abt et al. 1994)
- CONCRETE DROP STRUCTURES
- Figure 12.11. CIT-type Drop
Structure ( Murphy, 1967)
- Figure 12.12 St. Anthony Falls (SAF)
Type Drop Structure (Blaisdell, 1948)
- Figure 12.13 Riprap Lined Drop
Structures (adapted from Tate, 1991)
- CHAPTER 13: Closing
- CHAPTER 13: Closing (Cont.)
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- APPENDIX A: DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR
RIPRAP ARMOR
- APPENDIX A: DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR
RIPRAP ARMOR
- CURRENT RESEARCH
- RELATION BETWEEN STONE SIZE AND
WEIGHT
- GRADATION
- Figure A.1 Riprap Gradation Curves
- Table A.1. Gradations for Riprap
Placement in the Dry, Low-Turbulence Zones
- LAYER THICKNESS
- CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS
- DESIGN GUIDANCE FOR STONE SIZE
- STONE SIZE
- Figure A.2a Riprap Design
Velocities
- Figure A.2b Riprap Design
Velocities
- Figure A.3. Vss/Vavg for Straight
Channels Sufficiently Far From (>5w-10w) Upstream Bends
- Figure A.3. Vss/Vavg for Straight
Channels Sufficiently Far From (>5w-10w) Upstream Bends
- Figure A.5. Velocity Distribution
in Trapezoidal Channel
- Figure A.6 Side Slope Velocity
Distribution
- STONE SIZE (Cont.)
- STONE SIZE (Cont.)
- STONE SIZE (Cont.)
- Figure A.7 Correction for Side
Slope Angle
- Figure A.8. Correction for
Vertical Velocity Distribution in Bend and Riprap
- STONE SIZE (Cont.)
- Table A.2 Uniform Flow
Computations
- Table A.3 Velocity Estimation and
Riprap Size
- REVETMENT TOP AND END PROTECTION
- Figure A.9 Riprap End Protection
- REVETMENT TOE SCOUR ESTIMATION AND
PROTECTION
- Figure A.10 Revetment Toe
Protection
- REVETMENT TOE PROTECTION
- DELIVERY AND PLACEMENT
- QUALITY CONTROL
- REFERENCES
- REFERENCES (Cont.)
- APPENDIX B: BIOENGINEERING FOR
STREAMBANK EROSION CONTROL
- Introduction
- Purpose
- Assets of Using Planted Vegetation
- Bioengineering Design Model
- Figure 1. Steps of Planning and
Implementing a Bioengineering Project
- Questions to be Developed and
Answered
- Questions to be Developed and
Answered (Cont.)
- Table 1. Recurrence interval by
discharge and duration on upper Missouri River
- Questions to be Developed and
Answered (Cont.)
- Plan of Development
- Equipment and Materials
- Implementation
- Monitoring and Aftercare
- Hard Structures and Bioengineering
- Bioengineering by Zones
- Figure 5. Bank zones defined on
constructed slopes.
- Figure 6. Possible species to
plant by zone on the Missouri River.
- Bioengineering by Zones (Cont.)
- Bioengineering by Zones (Cont.)
- Bioengineering Treatments
- Bioengineering Treatments (cont.)
- Schematics of Brush Matterss and
Wattling
- Figure 9. Photo of bioengineering
project on upper Missouri River where large rock (1.5 Tons/lin ft) was used
as toe protection below large coir- covered haybales, also forming part of
the toe.
- Figure 10. Vegetation in the form
of dormant willow posts (discussed later) was placed landward of the rock
and haybale toe.
- Figure 12. System of
bioengineering treatments such as geotextile coir mats with planted
vegetation on them placed above a rock roll toe and between large rock
transverse dikes.
- Figure 13. Schematic of gabions
used with woody plants to form a hard structure to prevent undercutting and
flanking
- Figure 14. Two schematics (two
different versions) of a LUNKERS structure designed to provide overhanging
shade and protection for fish while serving to stabilize the toe of a
streambank
- Bioengineering Treatments (cont.)
- Figure 15. Bank crib with cover
log used to protect unstable streambanks while concurrently providing
excellent overhead cover for fish. (Courtesy of US Forest Service)
- Figure 17. Schematic of root wad
construction (from Bowers, 1992)
- Figure 18. Installed log revetment
with coir geotextile roll combination, Roaring Fork River, Colorado.
- Figure 19. Schematic of log
revetment with coir geotextile oll and plantings on top of backfill soil
over a geotextile Filter
- Splash Zone
- Figure 21. Schematic of a coir
geotextile roll and rocks. The oll is planted with wetland vegetation
- Figure 23. Coir geotextile rolls
are used to stabilize streambanks and permit planting of wetland vegetation
within them
- Figure 24b. Coir roll a month or
so after planting.
- Figure 24c. Coir roll a few months
later.
- Splash Zone (Cont.)
- Figure 25a. Emergent aquatic
plants in WES greenhouse nursery that were seeded on coir fiber mat
- Figure 25c. Coir geotextile mat in
a roll planted with emergent aquatic plants being carried to the planting
site.
- Splash Zone (Cont.)
- Figure 26. Schematics of
brushmattress and wattling combination. (from Leiser, 1983)
- Figure 27b. Placing woven wire
over the willow brush.
- Figure 27c. Stretching the woven
wire tight and securing by wedge-shaped stakes
- Figure 28. Schematic diagram of
brush layering. (from Leiser, 1983)
- Vegetative geogrid
- Figure 31. Cross-section of
Vegetative Geogrid, also called Fabric-Encapsulated Soil with vegetation.
(adapted from Miller, 1992)
- Dormant Post Method.
- Figure 32. Vegetative geogrid
during construction on the Upper Truckee River, California, near South Lake
Tahoe
- Dormant Post Method. (Cont.)
- Figure 34. Dormant willow posts,
coir geotextile roll, and cedar trees being installed at Court Creek,
Illinois, April 1993.
- Figure 36. Use of "The Stinger" to
create pilot holes for dormant willow posts on the upper Missouri River (CE
project Omaha District).
- Dormant Post Method. (Cont.)
- Dormant Cuttings.
- Figure 37a. 8 inch live cuttings
of streamco and bankers willow used to stabilize Irish Creek.
- Figure 37c. Reach of Irish Creek
stabilized with cuttings of willow. Photo taken 4 growing seasons after
planting.
- Figure 38. Burlap and coir woven
fabric laid over sedge and grass seed, Upper Truckee River, California
- Contour Wattling
- Figure 39a. Schematic of wattling
bundle with preparation specifications. (from Leiser, 1983)
- Figure 39c. Wattling (fascine)
bundle being installed in the bank zone
- Figure 40. Schematic illustration
of live fascine bundles with coir rope mesh fabric and long straw installed
between the bundles
- Figure 41. Brush layering with
coir woven fabric and long straw under fabric Coir fabric and straw help
control rillying and gullying between layers.
- Terrace Zone
- Figure 42. Hydroseeding and
mulching operation from a barge.
- Velocities for Design Purposes
- Table 2. Local flow velocities
sustained by and recorded for various bioengineering treatments monitored by
this project
- Velocities for Design Purposes
(Cont.)
- 3 Plant Acquisition And Handling
- 3 Plant Acquisition And Handling
(cont.)
- Advantages of Purchasing Plants
- Advantages of Collecting Plants
from the Wild
- dvantages of Growing Plants
- Handling of Plant Materials
- Herbaceous Plants
- 4 Monitoring and Aftercare
- Direct Documentation of Erosion
Protection
- Figure 44. Aerial monitoring of
bioengineering treatment. (from Logan et al. 1979)
- Indirect Documentation of Erosion
Protection
- 5 Costs of Bioengineering
- Table 3. Comparisons of actual
costs of bioengineering treatments with estimated costs of traditional
erosion control (riprapped revetment) under similar conditions in same area.
- Man-hour Costs of Bioengineering
Treatments
- Dormant Willow Post Method
- Vegetative Geogrid
- Sprigs, Rootstocks or Plugs,
Rhizomes, and Tubers
- 6 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- 6 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
(cont.)
- References
- References (Cont.)
- References (Cont.)
- References (Cont.)
- References (Cont.)
- References (Cont.)
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