APPENDIX 2.1A Simple Random Sampling
A procedure for selecting n units out of the N possible units so that all possible samples have an equal chance of being selected
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Three steps to stratified sampling
Stratified Sampling Example
Strata weights
Allocation of samples
Equal Allocation
Proportional Allocation
Optimal Allocation
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Apparent advantages over simple random sampling
APPENDIX 2.1 B Sampling Design Software User's Manual
Notice to Program Recipients
Sampling Design Software User's Manual
Waterways Experiment Station Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Contents
Contents (cont.)
Introduction - REFERENCES0024
Contents of the SDS Disk
Installation - REFERENCES0026
Hardware Requirements
Decision Matrices - REFERENCES0028
Data Entry
Error Messages - REFERENCES0030
Documented Session - REFERENCES0031
Decision Matrices - REFERENCES0032
Decision Matrices (cont.) - REFERENCES0033
Decision Matrices (cont.) - REFERENCES0034
Decision Matrices (Cont.) - REFERENCES0035
Decision Matrices (Cont.) - REFERENCES0036
Sample Size - REFERENCES0037
Cost
Sample Size - REFERENCES0039
Example Output File - REFERENCES0040
Variance Component Analysis
An example data set, EG.VAR, is provided on the SDS distribution diskette
A portion of Data Group 4 with column identifiers
A data set for a two factor variance component analysis
Program Execution - REFERENCES0045
Error Messages - REFERENCES0046
variance Component Analysis Sampling Design Software - Version 2.0
Select output route - REFERENCES0048
VARCOM prompts for the output file name
VARCOM displays the results of the variance component analysis
Eau Galle - Chlorophyll - May 1981
Example Output File - REFERENCES0052
Error Analysis - REFERENCES0053
An example datra set, EG.ERR, is provided on the SDS distribution diskette
Error Messages - REFERENCES0055
Error Analysis Sampling Design Software - Version 2.0
Select output route - REFERENCES0057
Select output route (cont.)
Statified Sample Statistics
Statified Sample Statistics (cont.)
Strata Statictics
Error Analysis - REFERENCES0062
Eau Galle - 1981 - Station 20
Eau Galle - 1981 - Station 20, Error Analysis
Choose to either run ERROR onanother data set or exit from the program
Example Output File - REFERENCES0066
Cluster Analysis
Data Set Preparation
Program Execution - REFERENCES0069
Documented Session - REFERENCES0070
Entering the command "CLUSTER" at the DOS prompt begins the program
CLUSTER promts for the output file name
Press F1 and the following is displayed
Press F2 for the Average Linkage help window
Assume F2 was pressed toreturn to the method selection screen nad then F4 was selected to bing upthe help window on Wards method
Press A to select the average linkage method
The next 20 lines of the output are displayed
The display returns to the top of the output file
The display moves up three lines.
A second help window appears describing the association between ID numbers and the entity names in the data set
Press F2 to continue followed by F1 for the help menu and F6 for the dendrogram help window
Example Output File - REFERENCES0082
Example Output File (cont.)
References - REFERENCES0084
Bibliography
Bibliography (cont.)
Report Documentation Page
Appendix 2.2A THE NONPOINT SOURCE MANAGER'S GUIDE TO WATER QUALITY AND LAND TREATMENT MONITORING
The Nonpoint Source Manager's Guide to Water Quality and Land Treatment Monitoring
Acknowledgements
Important Messages
Overview of Monitoring Program
The Relationship Between Management and Monitoring
Figure 1.1 The development of a nonpoint source control monitoring program
Overview of a Monitoring Program
Figure 1.2 Land treatment and water quality monitoring program design.
Management Objectives and Problem Documentation
Monitoring Program Objectives
Table 3.1 Monitoring Objectives and Level of Detail.
Minimum Detectable Change and Making Program Decisions
Table 3.2. Example Primary Variables and Explanatory Variables for Trend Monitoring
Land Treatment and Land Use Monitoring
Level Land Treatment and Land Use Monitoring
Table 3.3 Land Use and Land Treatment Explanatory Variables
Stream Monitoring Locations
Water Quality Monitoring Variables
Coliform Bacteria
Benthic Macroinvertibrates
Zooplankton
Habitat Variables - REFERENCES0115
Physical and Chemical Variables
Figure 3.1 Appropriate time and space scales for water quality problems
Sedimentation
Biological Variables
Density. Algal density is the number of units or individual algae in a sample
Macrophytes
Habitat Variables - REFERENCES0122
Stream Fish Habitat
Transects, Maps, and Aerial Photography for Habitat Measurements
Figure 3.2a Transects for habitat evaluation perpendicular to the main direction of stream flow
Figure 3.3a,b Stream section diagrams to illustrate detailed mapping analyses of fish habitat
Lake and Reservoir Fish Habitat Evaluations
Figure 3.4 Lake habitat zones
Chemical and Physical Monitoring
Pollutant Loading Rate Monitoring
Level II Pollutant Loading Rate Monitoring
Monitoring Program Design
Formulating a Specific Monitoring Objective
Problem Documentation
Problem Documentation Sample Timing
Detecting Trends
Detecting Impact
Monitoring Design and the Use of Existing Data
Features of the Experimental Design
Figure 4.2. Upstream/downstream and pre- and post-BMP design
Multiple Watersheds and Pre- and Post-BMP
Control and Reference Sites
Lakes and Reservoirs
a significant decrease over a year
Preliminary Sampling
Coverage Through Time
Matching the Land Treatment and Water Quality Data on a Temporal Scale
Data Collection
Data Analysis - REFERENCES0152
Program Evaluation
Conclusions - REFERENCES0156
References - REFERENCES0158
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0159
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0160
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0161
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0162
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0163
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0164
Glossary
Glossary (cont.) - REFERENCES0167
Glossary (cont.) - REFERENCES0168
Glossary (cont.) - REFERENCES0169
EVALUATION of the EXPERIMENTAL RURAL CLEAN WATER PROGRAM
Water Qualify Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting
Water Quality Problem Definition and Problem Assessment
Monitoring Objectives
Quality Monitoring Plan
Wafer Quality Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting (cont.) - REFERENCES0176
Spatial and Temporal Considerations for Monitoring
Variables
Wafer Quality Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting (cont.) - REFERENCES0179
Data Management and Analysis
Appendix 2.4A Evaluation of Methods for In Situ Monitoring of Releases from Hydro power Projects
Evaluation of Methods for In Situ Monitoring of Release from Hydropower Projects
Manual Sampling
Successful Example
Figure 1. manual sampling locations for Chattahoocheee River below West Point Dam
Automated Remote Monitoring
Representativeness of a Sample Location
Figure 2. Plan view of dam monitoring locations
Figure 3. Cross section of dam monitoring locations
Tapping Water from Spiral Case
Downstream Face of Dam
Communications for Automatic Remote Monitoring
Interference
References - REFERENCES0194
APPENDIX 2.4B Remote Monitoring of Hydroprojects: Design, Installation, and Verification of Remote Monitoring Systems
Remote Monitoring of Hydroprojects: Design, Installation, and Verification of Remote Monitoring Systems
Figure 1. Flow diagram for water quality automated monitor system design
Site Characterization
Figure 2. Columbia River basin
Monitor Equipment
Data Interpretation
Figure 4. Savannah River basin
Figure 6. Hartwell Dam operation and release temperatures
Figure 7. Richard B. Russell original downstream monitor
Figure 9. Bull Shoals powerhouse, White River, Arkansas
Conclusions - REFERENCES0206
Point of Contact - REFERENCES0207
APPENDIX 2.4C Statistical Verification of Mean-Value Fixed Water Quality Monitor Sites in Flowing Waters
Statistical Verification of Mean-Value Fixed Water Quality Monitor Sites in Flowing Waters
Figure 1. Possible sources of heterogeneities in flowing water
Figure 2. Cross section of flow with evenly spaced sample stations along a transect
Statistical Comparison
Determining the Power of the Test - REFERENCES0213
Example 1: Columbia River Camas/Washougal Station--Hand Calculation
Table 2. Differences (D), Squares of Differences (D2), and Totals for Data Specified in Table 1 (Sample Size, n = 8)
Figure 6. Normal probability plot of the differences between transect and fixed monitor station pairs of observations
Example 2: Columbia and Snake Rivers Fixed Monitoring System
Table 3. Verification of Fixed Monitor Station Location with Transect Data
Determining the Power of the Test - REFERENCES0219
Table 4. Calculation of Parameters Needed to Determine d, β, and the Power of the Test
Conclusions - REFERENCES0221
Point of Contact - REFERENCES0222
APPENDIX 3.1A Elements of a Model Program for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control
Methods
Results - REFERENCES0226
Elements of a Model Program for Nonpoint Source Pollution Controls
Figure 1. Model program and project timetable
Project Selection
Program Funding
Project Proposal and Plan of Work Development
Project Technical Support
Implementing the Plan of Work
Implementing the Plan of Work (cont.) - REFERENCES0234
Implementing the Plan of Work (cont.) - REFERENCES0235
Evaluation and Reporting
Conclusion
APPENDIX 3.1B Planning and Managing a Successful Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Project
The Rural Clean Water Program Experience
Document the Water Quality Problem
Define Objectives and Goals
Obtain Funding
Define the Critical Area
Assessing Project Effectiveness
References - REFERENCES0246
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
APPENDIX 3.1C Farmer Participation in Solving the Nonpoint Source Pollution Problem
The Importance of Producer Participation in Voluntary Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Projects
Incentives To Producer Participation
Technology Transfer: The Importance of Information and Education Programs
Environmental Concerns
Key Points of Farmer Participation
Community Support
APPENDIX 4.2A BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
Appendix A: Best Management Practices and Descriptions
Conservation Cover (327)
Contour Farming (330)
Contour Stripcropping (585)
Crop Residue Use (344)
Diversion (362)
Filter Strip (393)
Grassed Waterway (412)
Hedgerow Planting (422)
Irrigation System, Drip or Trickle (441)
Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery (447)
Lined Waterway or Outlet (468)
Mulching (484)
Pond (378)
Pumped Well Drain (532)
Spring Development (574)
Surface Drainage Field Ditch (607)
Waste Management System (312)
Water and Sediment Control Basin (638)
Wetland Restoration (657A)
APPENDIX 4.2B EXAMPLES OF COSTS FOR BMPs
TABLE 1 For seeding Waterways, Diversions, Field Borders, Filter Strips, Dams, Sediment Basins, and Critical Area Planting
INCENTIVE PAYMENTS
AVERAGE COST LIST FOR BMP COMPONENTS
Filter Strip
Diversion
Terrace
Spring Development
Stream Crossings and Stock Trails
Stream Crossings and Stock Trails (cont.)
Components of Waste Management Structures/Systems
Dry Stack/Litter Storage Facility with roof
Reinforced concrete or block walls
Slurry Storage Structure
Controlled Livestock Lounging Area
Heavy Use Area Protection
Sediment Basin
Corrugated Pipes
Roofed Agri-Chemicl Handling Facility
Plumbing items
Riparian Buffer
Steambank Stabilization
COMPONENTS WHICH ARE COMMON TO TWO OR MORE PRACTICES
Grading and shaping
Concrete and Masonry
Pipe and fittings
Perforated drainage tubing
Corrugated Steel
Corrugated Aluminum (CAP)
Trash guards
Anti-seep collars
Pipe drops and surface inlets (installed)
APPENDIX 4.2C COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY
Cost-Effectiveness of Agricultural BMPs for Nutrient Reduction in the Tar-Pamlico Basin
Executive Summary
Results - REFERENCES0317
Results (cont.)
Table ES-1. Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin'
Table ES-1. Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin' (cont.) - REFERENCES0320
Table ES-1. Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin' (cont.) - REFERENCES0321
Introduction - REFERENCES0330
Definition of Terms
Developing BMP Cost-Effectiveness Values for the Tar-Pamlico Basin
Sources of BMP Effectiveness Data
Figure 2-1. Chesapeake mo Modeling subbasins in ecoregions common to the Tar-Pamlico Basin.
Cost-Effectiveness Calculation Methods
Equations for Calculating.Cost-Effectiveness
Results - REFERENCES0337
Animal Waste Management
Land Application
Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Typical Preexisting conditions
Table 2-3. Surface and Subsurface Losses from Land Application of Animal Wastes
Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Typical Preexisting conditions (Cont.)
Table 2-4. Estimates of Surface and Subsurface Nutrient Loss from Land Application
Table 2-5. Cost-Effectiveness of Agronomic Land Application Relative to Excess Application
Table 2-6. Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Direct Discharge
Table 2-7. Cost-Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Direct Discharge
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions (Cont.) - REFERENCES0348
Table 2-9.Conversion of Lagoon Cost Figures
Table 2-10. Cost-Effectiveness of Anaerobic Lagoons Relative to Land Application at Excess Rates
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions (Cont.) - REFERENCES0351
Table 2-11. Effectiveness of Lagoon Cost-Sharing Relative to Direct Discharge'
Table 2-12. Cost-Effectiveness of Anaerobic Lagoons Relative to Direct Discharge
Composting of Poultry Mortality
Water Control Structures
Table 2-13. Water Control Structures Cost Data
Table 2-14. Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Water Control Structures
Table 2-15. Cost Data for Grassed Waterways and Diversions
Table 2-16. Cost Data for Cropland Conversion
Conservation Tillage
Figure 2-2. Conservation tillage effectiveness.
Table 2-18. Cost Data for Terracing
Table 2-19. Effectiveness Estimates for Terracing
Table 2-20. Cost Data for VFSs Field Borders, and Stripcropping
Table 2-21. Effectiveness data for VFSs, Field Borders, and Stripcropping
Nutrient Management
Nutrient Management (Cont.)
Figure 2-6. Nutrient management cost-effectiveness.
Table 2-22. Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin'
Table 2-22 (continued) - REFERENCES0370
Table 2-22 (continued) - REFERENCES0371
Figure 2-7. Summary of nutrient removal cost-effectiveness ranges
Chapter 3. The Need for a Safety Factor
Loading Factor Variability
Masking
Simulated Field Conditions/Sampling Techniques
Cost Escalation
Chapter 4. Discussion and Recommendations
Chapter 4. Discussion and Recommendations (Cont.) - REFERENCES0381
Chapter 4. Discussion and Recommendations (Cont.) - REFERENCES0382
Chapter 4. Discussion and Recommendations (Cont.) - REFERENCES0383
References - REFERENCES0384
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0385
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0386
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0387
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0388
Appendix 1. The Tar-Pamlico Nutrient Trading Program
Determining initial Load Reduction, Goals, and Costs
Table A1-1. Schedule Nutrient Loads and Payments
'Unknown' by Unknown - Page 1 of 542
Implementing the Nutrient Trading Program (Cont.)
Appendix 2. The Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model
Assumptions and Limitations
Appendix 3. Summary of BMP Cost Data for Counties in the Tar-Pamlico Basin
Conventional Tillage Cropland Loading Factors for Chesapeake Subbasins in Ecoregions 63 and 65 (Carnacho, 1992)
Estimation of BMP Nutrient Load Reductions
Claculations of Trading Values for Phase and Phase II (Cont.)
Estimating a trading value
Appendix 5. Calculation of Trading Values for Phase
Appendix 6: Calculations of Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness for Animal Waste Practices
Calculation of Lagoon Cost Effectiveness Ralative to direct Discharge ( Continued )
Calculation of Land Apllication Cost effectiveness Relative to direct Discharge
Calculation of Lagoon Cost-Effetiveness relative to Excess and Application
Anaerobic Lagoon Cost Conversions
APPENDIX 4.9A WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR RESERVOIRS AND TAILWATERS
PART III. PRERESERVOIR TREATMENT
Theory and Design - REFERENCES0413
Prereservoir phosphorus removal - REFERENCES0414
Wetlands - REFERENCES0415
Diversionary streams
Prereservoir phosphorus removal - REFERENCES0417
Wetlands - REFERENCES0418
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0419
Siltation basins and wetlands
Summary - REFERENCES0421
Table 2. Summary of Prereservoir Treatments
References - REFERENCES0423
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0424
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0425
PART IV: PHOSPHORUS INACTIVATION
Theory and Design - REFERENCES0427
Theory and Design (Cont.) - REFERENCES0428
Figure 6. Changes in dissolved aluminum concentration (dashed line) and total alkalinity (solid line) for water from Ohio
Figure 7. Estimated aluminum sulfate dose (mg Al required to obtain pH 6 i.e., "maximum dose") in treated water of varying initial alkalinity and (from Kennedy and Cooke 1982)
Theory and Design (Cont.) - REFERENCES0431
Figure 8. Generalized diagram of an alum application system (from Kennedy and Cooke 198'2)
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - REFERENCES0433
Annabessacook Lake, Maine
Lake Charles East, Indiana
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0436
Limitations and Concerns (Cont.) - REFERENCES0437
Summary - REFERENCES0438
Table 3. Summary of Phosphorus Inactivation
References - REFERENCES0440
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0441
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0442
PART 5. DILUTION AND FLUSHING
Theory and Design
Theory and Design (Cont.)
Figure 9. Percent change in in-lake phosphorus concentration following dilution with water containing no phosphorus (after Uttormark and Hutchins 1978). (See text for explanation)
Figure 10. Percent change in in-lake phosphorus concentration fol- lowing dilution with water having a phosphorus concentration that is 40 percent of the normal, undiluted inflow water (after Uttormark and Hutchins 1978). (See text for explanation)
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - REFERENCES0448
Green Lake, Washington
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0450
Table 4. Summary of Dilution and Flushing
References - REFERENCES0452
PART VI. SEDIMENT REMOVAL
Application of the method
sediments and sediment budget
Containment area design
Determination of sediment removal depth
Effectiveness and Costs
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0459
Limitations and Concerns (Cont.) - REFERENCES0460
Summary - REFERENCES0461
References - REFERENCES0462
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0463
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0464
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0465
Problem Addressed - REFERENCES0467
Theory and Design - REFERENCES0468
Table 10. A Summary of the Response of Some Common Nuisance Macrophytes to Drawdown ( Modified from Cooke et al. 1986 )
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - REFERENCES0471
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0472
Summary - REFERENCES0473
Table 11. Summary of Water Level Drawdomn
Summary (Cont.) - REFERENCES0475
Problem Addressed - REFERENCES0476
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - REFERENCES0477
]
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility (Cont.) - REFERENCES0479
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility (Cont.) - REFERENCES0480
Table 12. Comparison Between Midwest and Florida Cost Ranges (1987 Dollars) for Harvesting and Herbicide Treatments of Lakes and Reservoirs
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0482
Summary - REFERENCES0483
Table 13. Summary of Harvesting
Summary (Cont.) - REFERENCES0485
Summary (Cont.) - REFERENCES0486
Problem Addressed - REFERENCES0488
Reproduction
Food preferences
Table 14. Feeding Preference List, in Approximate Order of Preference, for Triploid
Table 14 ( Continued )
Table 14 (Concluded)
Food preferences (Cont.)
Stocking rates
Case histories
Environmental Impacts
Environmental Impacts (Cont.)
Insects and Plant Pathogens
Insects and Plant Pathogens (Cont.) - REFERENCES0500
Insects and Plant Pathogens (Cont.) - REFERENCES0501
Biomanipulation
Figure 14. The aquatic food chain, indicating between the components of the biomanipulation model (after Shapiro et al. )
Biomanipulation (Cont.) - REFERENCES0504
Biomanipulation (Cont.) - REFERENCES0505
Biomanipulation (Cont.) - REFERENCES0506
Summary - REFERENCES0507
References - REFERENCES0508
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0509
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0510
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0511
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0512
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0513
Problem Addressed - REFERENCES0514
Theory and Design - REFERENCES0515
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - REFERENCES0516
Dartek
Polypropylene
Other materials
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0520
Summary of Features of Sediment Covering Materials
Table 17. A Summary of Sediment Covers
Summary - REFERENCES0523
Problems Addressed
Effectiveness and Feasibility
Copper-containing compounds
Endothall
Endothall (Cont.)
Fluridone
Table 18. Common Aquatic Weed Species and Their Responses to Herbicides
Table 18 (Concluded)
Costs
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0533
Summary - REFERENCES0534
Table 19. Summary of Algicides and Herbicides
References - REFERENCES0536
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0537
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0538
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0539
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0540
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0541
Handbook on Water quality Enhancement techniques for Reserviors and Tailwaters
REFERENCES - index
A procedure for selecting n units out of the N possible units so that all possible samples have an equal chance of being selected
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Three steps to stratified sampling
Stratified Sampling Example
Strata weights
Allocation of samples
Equal Allocation
Proportional Allocation
Optimal Allocation
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Apparent advantages over simple random sampling
APPENDIX 2.1 B Sampling Design Software User's Manual
Notice to Program Recipients
Sampling Design Software User's Manual
Waterways Experiment Station Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Contents
Contents (cont.)
Introduction - REFERENCES0024
Contents of the SDS Disk
Installation - REFERENCES0026
Hardware Requirements
Decision Matrices - REFERENCES0028
Data Entry
Error Messages - REFERENCES0030
Documented Session - REFERENCES0031
Decision Matrices - REFERENCES0032
Decision Matrices (cont.) - REFERENCES0033
Decision Matrices (cont.) - REFERENCES0034
Decision Matrices (Cont.) - REFERENCES0035
Decision Matrices (Cont.) - REFERENCES0036
Sample Size - REFERENCES0037
Cost
Sample Size - REFERENCES0039
Example Output File - REFERENCES0040
Variance Component Analysis
An example data set, EG.VAR, is provided on the SDS distribution diskette
A portion of Data Group 4 with column identifiers
A data set for a two factor variance component analysis
Program Execution - REFERENCES0045
Error Messages - REFERENCES0046
variance Component Analysis Sampling Design Software - Version 2.0
Select output route - REFERENCES0048
VARCOM prompts for the output file name
VARCOM displays the results of the variance component analysis
Eau Galle - Chlorophyll - May 1981
Example Output File - REFERENCES0052
Error Analysis - REFERENCES0053
An example datra set, EG.ERR, is provided on the SDS distribution diskette
Error Messages - REFERENCES0055
Error Analysis Sampling Design Software - Version 2.0
Select output route - REFERENCES0057
Select output route (cont.)
Statified Sample Statistics
Statified Sample Statistics (cont.)
Strata Statictics
Error Analysis - REFERENCES0062
Eau Galle - 1981 - Station 20
Eau Galle - 1981 - Station 20, Error Analysis
Choose to either run ERROR onanother data set or exit from the program
Example Output File - REFERENCES0066
Cluster Analysis
Data Set Preparation
Program Execution - REFERENCES0069
Documented Session - REFERENCES0070
Entering the command "CLUSTER" at the DOS prompt begins the program
CLUSTER promts for the output file name
Press F1 and the following is displayed
Press F2 for the Average Linkage help window
Assume F2 was pressed toreturn to the method selection screen nad then F4 was selected to bing upthe help window on Wards method
Press A to select the average linkage method
The next 20 lines of the output are displayed
The display returns to the top of the output file
The display moves up three lines.
A second help window appears describing the association between ID numbers and the entity names in the data set
Press F2 to continue followed by F1 for the help menu and F6 for the dendrogram help window
Example Output File - REFERENCES0082
Example Output File (cont.)
References - REFERENCES0084
Bibliography
Bibliography (cont.)
Report Documentation Page
Appendix 2.2A THE NONPOINT SOURCE MANAGER'S GUIDE TO WATER QUALITY AND LAND TREATMENT MONITORING
The Nonpoint Source Manager's Guide to Water Quality and Land Treatment Monitoring
Acknowledgements
Important Messages
Overview of Monitoring Program
The Relationship Between Management and Monitoring
Figure 1.1 The development of a nonpoint source control monitoring program
Overview of a Monitoring Program
Figure 1.2 Land treatment and water quality monitoring program design.
Management Objectives and Problem Documentation
Monitoring Program Objectives
Table 3.1 Monitoring Objectives and Level of Detail.
Minimum Detectable Change and Making Program Decisions
Table 3.2. Example Primary Variables and Explanatory Variables for Trend Monitoring
Land Treatment and Land Use Monitoring
Level Land Treatment and Land Use Monitoring
Table 3.3 Land Use and Land Treatment Explanatory Variables
Stream Monitoring Locations
Water Quality Monitoring Variables
Coliform Bacteria
Benthic Macroinvertibrates
Zooplankton
Habitat Variables - REFERENCES0115
Physical and Chemical Variables
Figure 3.1 Appropriate time and space scales for water quality problems
Sedimentation
Biological Variables
Density. Algal density is the number of units or individual algae in a sample
Macrophytes
Habitat Variables - REFERENCES0122
Stream Fish Habitat
Transects, Maps, and Aerial Photography for Habitat Measurements
Figure 3.2a Transects for habitat evaluation perpendicular to the main direction of stream flow
Figure 3.3a,b Stream section diagrams to illustrate detailed mapping analyses of fish habitat
Lake and Reservoir Fish Habitat Evaluations
Figure 3.4 Lake habitat zones
Chemical and Physical Monitoring
Pollutant Loading Rate Monitoring
Level II Pollutant Loading Rate Monitoring
Monitoring Program Design
Formulating a Specific Monitoring Objective
Problem Documentation
Problem Documentation Sample Timing
Detecting Trends
Detecting Impact
Monitoring Design and the Use of Existing Data
Features of the Experimental Design
Figure 4.2. Upstream/downstream and pre- and post-BMP design
Multiple Watersheds and Pre- and Post-BMP
Control and Reference Sites
Lakes and Reservoirs
a significant decrease over a year
Preliminary Sampling
Coverage Through Time
Matching the Land Treatment and Water Quality Data on a Temporal Scale
Data Collection
Data Analysis - REFERENCES0152
Program Evaluation
Conclusions - REFERENCES0156
References - REFERENCES0158
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0159
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0160
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0161
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0162
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0163
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0164
Glossary
Glossary (cont.) - REFERENCES0167
Glossary (cont.) - REFERENCES0168
Glossary (cont.) - REFERENCES0169
EVALUATION of the EXPERIMENTAL RURAL CLEAN WATER PROGRAM
Water Qualify Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting
Water Quality Problem Definition and Problem Assessment
Monitoring Objectives
Quality Monitoring Plan
Wafer Quality Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting (cont.) - REFERENCES0176
Spatial and Temporal Considerations for Monitoring
Variables
Wafer Quality Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting (cont.) - REFERENCES0179
Data Management and Analysis
Appendix 2.4A Evaluation of Methods for In Situ Monitoring of Releases from Hydro power Projects
Evaluation of Methods for In Situ Monitoring of Release from Hydropower Projects
Manual Sampling
Successful Example
Figure 1. manual sampling locations for Chattahoocheee River below West Point Dam
Automated Remote Monitoring
Representativeness of a Sample Location
Figure 2. Plan view of dam monitoring locations
Figure 3. Cross section of dam monitoring locations
Tapping Water from Spiral Case
Downstream Face of Dam
Communications for Automatic Remote Monitoring
Interference
References - REFERENCES0194
APPENDIX 2.4B Remote Monitoring of Hydroprojects: Design, Installation, and Verification of Remote Monitoring Systems
Remote Monitoring of Hydroprojects: Design, Installation, and Verification of Remote Monitoring Systems
Figure 1. Flow diagram for water quality automated monitor system design
Site Characterization
Figure 2. Columbia River basin
Monitor Equipment
Data Interpretation
Figure 4. Savannah River basin
Figure 6. Hartwell Dam operation and release temperatures
Figure 7. Richard B. Russell original downstream monitor
Figure 9. Bull Shoals powerhouse, White River, Arkansas
Conclusions - REFERENCES0206
Point of Contact - REFERENCES0207
APPENDIX 2.4C Statistical Verification of Mean-Value Fixed Water Quality Monitor Sites in Flowing Waters
Statistical Verification of Mean-Value Fixed Water Quality Monitor Sites in Flowing Waters
Figure 1. Possible sources of heterogeneities in flowing water
Figure 2. Cross section of flow with evenly spaced sample stations along a transect
Statistical Comparison
Determining the Power of the Test - REFERENCES0213
Example 1: Columbia River Camas/Washougal Station--Hand Calculation
Table 2. Differences (D), Squares of Differences (D2), and Totals for Data Specified in Table 1 (Sample Size, n = 8)
Figure 6. Normal probability plot of the differences between transect and fixed monitor station pairs of observations
Example 2: Columbia and Snake Rivers Fixed Monitoring System
Table 3. Verification of Fixed Monitor Station Location with Transect Data
Determining the Power of the Test - REFERENCES0219
Table 4. Calculation of Parameters Needed to Determine d, β, and the Power of the Test
Conclusions - REFERENCES0221
Point of Contact - REFERENCES0222
APPENDIX 3.1A Elements of a Model Program for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control
Methods
Results - REFERENCES0226
Elements of a Model Program for Nonpoint Source Pollution Controls
Figure 1. Model program and project timetable
Project Selection
Program Funding
Project Proposal and Plan of Work Development
Project Technical Support
Implementing the Plan of Work
Implementing the Plan of Work (cont.) - REFERENCES0234
Implementing the Plan of Work (cont.) - REFERENCES0235
Evaluation and Reporting
Conclusion
APPENDIX 3.1B Planning and Managing a Successful Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Project
The Rural Clean Water Program Experience
Document the Water Quality Problem
Define Objectives and Goals
Obtain Funding
Define the Critical Area
Assessing Project Effectiveness
References - REFERENCES0246
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
APPENDIX 3.1C Farmer Participation in Solving the Nonpoint Source Pollution Problem
The Importance of Producer Participation in Voluntary Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Projects
Incentives To Producer Participation
Technology Transfer: The Importance of Information and Education Programs
Environmental Concerns
Key Points of Farmer Participation
Community Support
APPENDIX 4.2A BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
Appendix A: Best Management Practices and Descriptions
Conservation Cover (327)
Contour Farming (330)
Contour Stripcropping (585)
Crop Residue Use (344)
Diversion (362)
Filter Strip (393)
Grassed Waterway (412)
Hedgerow Planting (422)
Irrigation System, Drip or Trickle (441)
Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery (447)
Lined Waterway or Outlet (468)
Mulching (484)
Pond (378)
Pumped Well Drain (532)
Spring Development (574)
Surface Drainage Field Ditch (607)
Waste Management System (312)
Water and Sediment Control Basin (638)
Wetland Restoration (657A)
APPENDIX 4.2B EXAMPLES OF COSTS FOR BMPs
TABLE 1 For seeding Waterways, Diversions, Field Borders, Filter Strips, Dams, Sediment Basins, and Critical Area Planting
INCENTIVE PAYMENTS
AVERAGE COST LIST FOR BMP COMPONENTS
Filter Strip
Diversion
Terrace
Spring Development
Stream Crossings and Stock Trails
Stream Crossings and Stock Trails (cont.)
Components of Waste Management Structures/Systems
Dry Stack/Litter Storage Facility with roof
Reinforced concrete or block walls
Slurry Storage Structure
Controlled Livestock Lounging Area
Heavy Use Area Protection
Sediment Basin
Corrugated Pipes
Roofed Agri-Chemicl Handling Facility
Plumbing items
Riparian Buffer
Steambank Stabilization
COMPONENTS WHICH ARE COMMON TO TWO OR MORE PRACTICES
Grading and shaping
Concrete and Masonry
Pipe and fittings
Perforated drainage tubing
Corrugated Steel
Corrugated Aluminum (CAP)
Trash guards
Anti-seep collars
Pipe drops and surface inlets (installed)
APPENDIX 4.2C COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY
Cost-Effectiveness of Agricultural BMPs for Nutrient Reduction in the Tar-Pamlico Basin
Executive Summary
Results - REFERENCES0317
Results (cont.)
Table ES-1. Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin'
Table ES-1. Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin' (cont.) - REFERENCES0320
Table ES-1. Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin' (cont.) - REFERENCES0321
Introduction - REFERENCES0330
Definition of Terms
Developing BMP Cost-Effectiveness Values for the Tar-Pamlico Basin
Sources of BMP Effectiveness Data
Figure 2-1. Chesapeake mo Modeling subbasins in ecoregions common to the Tar-Pamlico Basin.
Cost-Effectiveness Calculation Methods
Equations for Calculating.Cost-Effectiveness
Results - REFERENCES0337
Animal Waste Management
Land Application
Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Typical Preexisting conditions
Table 2-3. Surface and Subsurface Losses from Land Application of Animal Wastes
Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Typical Preexisting conditions (Cont.)
Table 2-4. Estimates of Surface and Subsurface Nutrient Loss from Land Application
Table 2-5. Cost-Effectiveness of Agronomic Land Application Relative to Excess Application
Table 2-6. Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Direct Discharge
Table 2-7. Cost-Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Direct Discharge
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions (Cont.) - REFERENCES0348
Table 2-9.Conversion of Lagoon Cost Figures
Table 2-10. Cost-Effectiveness of Anaerobic Lagoons Relative to Land Application at Excess Rates
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions (Cont.) - REFERENCES0351
Table 2-11. Effectiveness of Lagoon Cost-Sharing Relative to Direct Discharge'
Table 2-12. Cost-Effectiveness of Anaerobic Lagoons Relative to Direct Discharge
Composting of Poultry Mortality
Water Control Structures
Table 2-13. Water Control Structures Cost Data
Table 2-14. Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Water Control Structures
Table 2-15. Cost Data for Grassed Waterways and Diversions
Table 2-16. Cost Data for Cropland Conversion
Conservation Tillage
Figure 2-2. Conservation tillage effectiveness.
Table 2-18. Cost Data for Terracing
Table 2-19. Effectiveness Estimates for Terracing
Table 2-20. Cost Data for VFSs Field Borders, and Stripcropping
Table 2-21. Effectiveness data for VFSs, Field Borders, and Stripcropping
Nutrient Management
Nutrient Management (Cont.)
Figure 2-6. Nutrient management cost-effectiveness.
Table 2-22. Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin'
Table 2-22 (continued) - REFERENCES0370
Table 2-22 (continued) - REFERENCES0371
Figure 2-7. Summary of nutrient removal cost-effectiveness ranges
Chapter 3. The Need for a Safety Factor
Loading Factor Variability
Masking
Simulated Field Conditions/Sampling Techniques
Cost Escalation
Chapter 4. Discussion and Recommendations
Chapter 4. Discussion and Recommendations (Cont.) - REFERENCES0381
Chapter 4. Discussion and Recommendations (Cont.) - REFERENCES0382
Chapter 4. Discussion and Recommendations (Cont.) - REFERENCES0383
References - REFERENCES0384
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0385
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0386
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0387
References (cont.) - REFERENCES0388
Appendix 1. The Tar-Pamlico Nutrient Trading Program
Determining initial Load Reduction, Goals, and Costs
Table A1-1. Schedule Nutrient Loads and Payments
'Unknown' by Unknown - Page 1 of 542
Implementing the Nutrient Trading Program (Cont.)
Appendix 2. The Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model
Assumptions and Limitations
Appendix 3. Summary of BMP Cost Data for Counties in the Tar-Pamlico Basin
Conventional Tillage Cropland Loading Factors for Chesapeake Subbasins in Ecoregions 63 and 65 (Carnacho, 1992)
Estimation of BMP Nutrient Load Reductions
Claculations of Trading Values for Phase and Phase II (Cont.)
Estimating a trading value
Appendix 5. Calculation of Trading Values for Phase
Appendix 6: Calculations of Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness for Animal Waste Practices
Calculation of Lagoon Cost Effectiveness Ralative to direct Discharge ( Continued )
Calculation of Land Apllication Cost effectiveness Relative to direct Discharge
Calculation of Lagoon Cost-Effetiveness relative to Excess and Application
Anaerobic Lagoon Cost Conversions
APPENDIX 4.9A WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR RESERVOIRS AND TAILWATERS
PART III. PRERESERVOIR TREATMENT
Theory and Design - REFERENCES0413
Prereservoir phosphorus removal - REFERENCES0414
Wetlands - REFERENCES0415
Diversionary streams
Prereservoir phosphorus removal - REFERENCES0417
Wetlands - REFERENCES0418
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0419
Siltation basins and wetlands
Summary - REFERENCES0421
Table 2. Summary of Prereservoir Treatments
References - REFERENCES0423
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0424
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0425
PART IV: PHOSPHORUS INACTIVATION
Theory and Design - REFERENCES0427
Theory and Design (Cont.) - REFERENCES0428
Figure 6. Changes in dissolved aluminum concentration (dashed line) and total alkalinity (solid line) for water from Ohio
Figure 7. Estimated aluminum sulfate dose (mg Al required to obtain pH 6 i.e., "maximum dose") in treated water of varying initial alkalinity and (from Kennedy and Cooke 1982)
Theory and Design (Cont.) - REFERENCES0431
Figure 8. Generalized diagram of an alum application system (from Kennedy and Cooke 198'2)
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - REFERENCES0433
Annabessacook Lake, Maine
Lake Charles East, Indiana
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0436
Limitations and Concerns (Cont.) - REFERENCES0437
Summary - REFERENCES0438
Table 3. Summary of Phosphorus Inactivation
References - REFERENCES0440
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0441
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0442
PART 5. DILUTION AND FLUSHING
Theory and Design
Theory and Design (Cont.)
Figure 9. Percent change in in-lake phosphorus concentration following dilution with water containing no phosphorus (after Uttormark and Hutchins 1978). (See text for explanation)
Figure 10. Percent change in in-lake phosphorus concentration fol- lowing dilution with water having a phosphorus concentration that is 40 percent of the normal, undiluted inflow water (after Uttormark and Hutchins 1978). (See text for explanation)
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - REFERENCES0448
Green Lake, Washington
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0450
Table 4. Summary of Dilution and Flushing
References - REFERENCES0452
PART VI. SEDIMENT REMOVAL
Application of the method
sediments and sediment budget
Containment area design
Determination of sediment removal depth
Effectiveness and Costs
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0459
Limitations and Concerns (Cont.) - REFERENCES0460
Summary - REFERENCES0461
References - REFERENCES0462
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0463
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0464
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0465
Problem Addressed - REFERENCES0467
Theory and Design - REFERENCES0468
Table 10. A Summary of the Response of Some Common Nuisance Macrophytes to Drawdown ( Modified from Cooke et al. 1986 )
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - REFERENCES0471
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0472
Summary - REFERENCES0473
Table 11. Summary of Water Level Drawdomn
Summary (Cont.) - REFERENCES0475
Problem Addressed - REFERENCES0476
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - REFERENCES0477
]
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility (Cont.) - REFERENCES0479
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility (Cont.) - REFERENCES0480
Table 12. Comparison Between Midwest and Florida Cost Ranges (1987 Dollars) for Harvesting and Herbicide Treatments of Lakes and Reservoirs
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0482
Summary - REFERENCES0483
Table 13. Summary of Harvesting
Summary (Cont.) - REFERENCES0485
Summary (Cont.) - REFERENCES0486
Problem Addressed - REFERENCES0488
Reproduction
Food preferences
Table 14. Feeding Preference List, in Approximate Order of Preference, for Triploid
Table 14 ( Continued )
Table 14 (Concluded)
Food preferences (Cont.)
Stocking rates
Case histories
Environmental Impacts
Environmental Impacts (Cont.)
Insects and Plant Pathogens
Insects and Plant Pathogens (Cont.) - REFERENCES0500
Insects and Plant Pathogens (Cont.) - REFERENCES0501
Biomanipulation
Figure 14. The aquatic food chain, indicating between the components of the biomanipulation model (after Shapiro et al. )
Biomanipulation (Cont.) - REFERENCES0504
Biomanipulation (Cont.) - REFERENCES0505
Biomanipulation (Cont.) - REFERENCES0506
Summary - REFERENCES0507
References - REFERENCES0508
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0509
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0510
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0511
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0512
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0513
Problem Addressed - REFERENCES0514
Theory and Design - REFERENCES0515
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - REFERENCES0516
Dartek
Polypropylene
Other materials
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0520
Summary of Features of Sediment Covering Materials
Table 17. A Summary of Sediment Covers
Summary - REFERENCES0523
Problems Addressed
Effectiveness and Feasibility
Copper-containing compounds
Endothall
Endothall (Cont.)
Fluridone
Table 18. Common Aquatic Weed Species and Their Responses to Herbicides
Table 18 (Concluded)
Costs
Limitations and Concerns - REFERENCES0533
Summary - REFERENCES0534
Table 19. Summary of Algicides and Herbicides
References - REFERENCES0536
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0537
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0538
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0539
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0540
References (Cont.) - REFERENCES0541
Handbook on Water quality Enhancement techniques for Reserviors and Tailwaters
REFERENCES - index
